Is the Fraud Act a Useful Tool in E-crime Prosecution Dissertation - 1

Is the Fraud Act a Useful Tool in E-wrongdoing Prosecution - Dissertation Example Despite the fact that in presence for over four decades, the Thefts Acts of 1968 and 1978 were esteemed ancient and subsequently lacking, when managing wrongdoings that were web based, as they bombed they to check the expanding number of e-violations. It is therefore the Fraud Act 2006 was administered, which purportedly had an enormous degree for arraigning e-wrongdoings under the domain of general offenses, and including present day e-violations, such as phishing, while likewise expanding detainment terms. In this unique circumstance, the paper looks to inspect and examine whether the Fraud Act 2006, in all actuality, is a compelling device as far as indicting instances of e-wrongdoings. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background study The 21st century has seen the quick utilization of Internet in UK (and somewhere else), essentially attributable to the simple accessibility of PCs (particularly PCs), rapid programs and quick availability through broadband. This is clear in an overview report, w hich indicated that in 1996 around 3.4 million grown-ups were utilizing the web in UK, which by the following 10 years had extended to a figure of 28.5 million web clients (multiple times more).1 This quick making of a web based society has expanded the data circle accessible to clients while likewise changing the very idea of correspondence between people inside the internet, which began reflecting somewhat in the real physical world. In spite of numerous advantages, across the board utilization of Internet has uncovered a negative side, identified with wrongdoing and crimes. Web being a method of individual and money related exchange, which is profoundly dependent on net-based cooperations that occur through PCs, without the individuals associating regularly meeting, which expands hazard during connections, particularly in instances of monetary exchanges. The different exercises that happen inside the internet draws in various types of individuals, and it is moderately ease for cr ooks to distinguish comparative disapproved of individuals, structure online networks, and carry on their crimes. One main consideration, which builds examples of digital wrongdoings, is the guarantee of huge scope monetary compensation from a virtual wrongdoing. As the Post Note overview affirms â€Å"Information security specialists propose that the thought processes behind PC wrongdoing have changed†¦ [and] is presently progressively monetarily motivated.†2 This adjustment in intention has happened principally because of ascend in web based business, where we find that with almost 45% of web clients utilizing an a money related exchange by means of the internet, there has been expanding number of online credits/platinum card fakes, endeavors at coercion endeavors, and phishing.3 Another main consideration that has assisted with irritating the issue of cybercrime is the obscurity that Internet offers. A criminal may shroud his/her own character behind spam sends, mock sends addresses, or even intermediary servers and carry out online cheats. There are accessible, diverse encryption advancements that permit clients to cover their genuine personalities, and different types of programming, effectively available, which permit clients to expel all electronic movement

Social Support for Subjective well-being of Prisoners

Social Support for Subjective prosperity of Prisoners THE DIFFERENT ROLES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR SUBJECTIVE WELL BEING PRISONERS MEN AND WOMEN IN THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS CLAS II.A YOGYAKARTA Theoretical So as to discover an example type of direction for detainees, people, as ordered by Republic Act 1995, Article 14, section 1 12 on the privileges of detainees, and furthermore as per the standards of the UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 on dated December 9, 1988, for the security everything being equal, incorporating those in the Correctional Institution, at that point the instructing program at the Correctional Institution in people prisoners to be recognized. It is critical to know how much the job of social help fair and square of Subjective Well Being (SWB) people detainees. Subjects of this examination added up to 93 detainees from the Correctional Institution Class II.A Yogyakarta, which comprised of 70 men and 23 ladies. Estimating apparatus used to reveal SWB, that utilizes Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) of Dieneret al. (1985), and Social Support Scale were parts of it alludes to the assessment of Safiro (2000). The strategy for information investigation, this explo ration utilizing t-test examination procedures and item second connection. From the aftereffects of research can be inferred that: (1) the job of social help on SWB level of 8.82% to the general male and female subjects, 12.96% in male subjects, and by 2.1% in female subjects; (2) overall subject of people, there are three factors that influence the degree of social help SWB essentially, ie enthusiastic help, Informational Support and Support Social Network; (3) There is no distinction in the degree of social help and SWB in male and female subjects. Watchwords: Subjective Well Being (SWB), Social Support, Men and Women Inmates Presentation The law No. 12 1995 Article 1, passage 2, about the privileges of detainees, and the standards of the UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 on December 9, 1988, ordered to ensure all individuals, incorporating those in Correctional Institution, and required their endeavors to improve the personal satisfaction of the prisoners in the restorative framework, so when they are back to blend with people in general, they will have the option to show the attributes of people who have high caliber of life. As indicated by Cummings (1997), people who have a high caliber of life will feel their abstract prosperity (Subjective Well-being is truncated as SWB). SWB is ones judgment about his life, that he is progressively fulfilled and more joyful, despite the fact that he despite everything has a touch of misery, with the goal that this condition is demonstrated by higher sentiment of joy contrasted with the sentiment of despondency, and communicated by an incredible fulfillment (Diener in Philip s, 2008). As a push to accomplish criminal execution that is powerful and effective so the prisoners can have high caliber of life, The Penitentiary can isolate its advancement by classification, in view old enough or sex (Harsono 1995). It is additionally as per the set in Constitution no12 in 1995 about Correctional article(12) section (1), that so as to give direction to detainees in penitentiaries, characterization is led dependent on age, sex, length of discipline, kind of wrongdoing, and another models which suits the requirements and improvement. In spite of the fact that ladies is acknowledged to have mental requirements which are not quite the same as men, detainment facilities class IIA in Yogyakarta don't practice them as jails for certain sex, so people are all in the jail condition, in spite of the fact that they are placed in a different spot. Due to the unique needs of ladies and men are extraordinary, it is important to know whether there are SWB contrasts between th e two genders, as the reason for the structure of male and female prisoners improvement program. From research of Sahrah et al., (2011, 2013) to the detainees in penitentiaries of class IIA Yogyakarta, expressed that the variables of strictness, fearlessness, the seriousness of life, enthusiastic development, social help, view of the state of being of the earth, and the adapting systems are the elements that influence SWB prisoners. It is likewise reasoned that among the seven elements, importance of life, confidence, and social help are the components that are exceptionally noteworthy to inmatesSWB. Components of significance of life and self-assurance are singular elements, while social help factors are logical variables that generally can be controlled basically by the detainment facilities as the foundation liable for preparing during the spending time in jail. Thus, it is had to know how large the job of social help fair and square of emotional prosperity of the people detainees. Emotional Well Being Men and Women Prisoners Detainees are convicts serving the criminal who lost freedom in Prisons (Law No: 12 Th. 1995 ps.1 section 7). Indicted individual is an individual sentenced by a court choice that has lasting legitimate force (Indonesian Lawyear. 1995 Ps 1, section 6). As indicated by Rahardjo (1996) to treat detainees, important establishment of the restorative framework that ensures the privileges of detainees is unquestionably required. To see the achievement or disappointment of the improvement designs directed by the officials (walinapi) to detainees, it very well may be seen whether the officials really focus on the privileges of detainees or not, however, for this situation detainees ought to likewise know about the commitments that must be satisfied. Related with SWB, different investigations that have been finished by UMBY (University of MercuBuana Yogyakarta) show that there are issues identified with emotional prosperity of detainees. This is strengthened by the consequences of research Indiyah (2001) that there are seven unfulfilled needs in prisoners, they are, the need to get a feeling that all is well with the world, the need of accommodate, the need to extend the religion, the need to make life progressively important, necessities to support certainty, the need to acquire extra information, and should be gotten by the network and the family after the finish of the crook. Research led by Iswandari and Indiyah (2007) demonstrated that detainees have issues with social change. Further research and Lailatushifah Lestari (2008) likewise found that prisoners powerless to melancholy. From the exploration discoveries, it shows a sign towards a low Subjective Welfare on prisoners. Emotional prosperity is an individual assessment of a circumstance or a more extended time of his life, including his past. The assessment covers the enthusiastic response to a circumstance, temperament and evaluation of the detainees life, satisfaction, and fulfillment with marriage and work (Diener, et al., 2003). In addition, Philips (2008) states that SWB is more perplexing than just joy. Elements that impact SWB are the factor of strictness, certainty, passionate development, the seriousness of life, social help, physical condition (Kin Nesselroade, 2003), adapting procedures (Philips 2008), goal picture (Sahrah, 2014b), the technique of community oriented compromise (Sahrah, 2014a). The social help factor is a factor that is demonstrated to be straightforwardly related and decidedly related and essentially connected with SWB notwithstanding the weightiness of life (Sahrah, et al., 2011, 2013). In this examination, it is understood that there are potential contrasts of the prisoner needs of people, along these lines, this investigation is centered around the SWB of the detainees as far as sex and their view of social help given by the walinapi as jails official who is capable to give direction to prisoners. Social Support of theWalinapi Johnson (2000) propose that social help is the trading of assets so as to improve the government assistance and exisence of other people who can be requested assistance, consolation, acknowledgment, and consideration, and while encountering troubles. Social help can be characterized as a feeling of acknowledgment, care, thankfulness or help got by an individual from someone else or gathering (Sarafino, 2004). Cohen and Mc Kay; Wills (1984) recognizes five sorts of social help, in particular: (1) Emotional Support. In this viewpoint, it incorporates the statement of compassion, concern, and thoughtfulness regarding the individual concerned. This help requires the arrangement of a feeling of solace, tranquility of heart, and feeling adored for somebody who has it. (2) Support of grant. This viewpoint is experiencing a positive thankfulness for the people concerned, consolation or endorsement with thoughts or sentiments of the individual and the individual constructive examination with others. (3) Instrumentalsupport. These angles incorporate direct help to the type of administrations, time, and cash. (4) Support for data. This perspective incorporates offering guidance, guidelines, counsel, data, and criticism. (5) Support for informal organizations. These perspectives remember the sentiment of enrollment for a gathering. Long range informal communication support is a feeling of enrollment in a gathering, sharing the fun and social exercises. Research Methods The autonomous factors are the Social Support and sex while the needy variable is Subjective Well Being (SWB). The subjects of this investigation are 93 detainees, comprising of 70 men and 23 ladies. The Selection of the exploration subject is finished by utilizing purposive irregular inspecting strategy. The qualities of the examination subjects are: (1) Convict Prison Class IIA Yogyakarta; (2) Minimum term discipline of three years; (3) Minimum training of primary school, and can peruse and compose well. The strategies for information assortment is utilizing a scale, which incorporates the Scale to uncover SWB Prisoners and Social Support Scale. The scale to uncover SWB of the prisoners utilizing SWLS size of life fulfillment from Diener et al. (1985), in light of the size of the existence fulfillment estimated by the intellectual segment of life fulfillment, and the scale is required to create an explanation that is coordinated on how a people life runs. The rials can shows that the legitimacy of the complete substantial thing (with a range between a coefficie

Social Studies Curriculum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Studies Curriculum - Research Paper Example h the obligation of guaranteeing that the educational program underlines on the significance of having understudies who are focused on the thoughts and estimations of majority rules system (Ross, 2006). Because of this, a student ought to have an away from of citizenship, a comprehension of verifiable turn of events and contemporary types of intensity authority and administration. Students should be acquainted with the reasons and elements of the administration; they should have lucidity on the contrasts among majority rule and non-just political frameworks. Along these lines the educational plan designers ought to incorporate themes that charm the learner’s enthusiasm for open undertakings and in this manner reinforce skills of self administration through resident interest encounters (Ross, 2006). This educational program ought to urge students to be progressively intrigued by open undertakings and furthermore city issues subsequently making them to be more dynamic individual s from the general public as opposed to being detached. An understudy ought to be confronted with the test of learning viewpoints about neighborhood, national and worldwide issues in regards to legislative issues (Ross, 2006). In this way the educational plan engineers should think of an educational plan that will survey the student too become a capable resident with the information on the administration, law and governmental issues so as to settle on choices about the significant activities on legislative issues (Ross,

Gerald and the Ideology Behind Him in An Inspector Calls - Literature Essay Samples

In the play An Inspector Calls, the character of Gerald Croft is extremely significant, as he is the only perpetrator not to be a part of the Birling household. He is also the character who knew Eva Smith most intimately and has many significant ties to all of the Birling family, the largest of those being with Sheila. Yet he is also significant on a deeper thematic level: he is central to conveying playwright J.B. Priestleys ideas of collective responsibility and acts as one of the harshest examples of the unacceptance of these ideas. At the beginning of the play, Gerald is introduced as a member of the upper class whose position in society is held by ‘old money’. He almost flirts with Mr. Birling at his engagement dinner, and when Birling puts forward the idea of lower wages and higher prices, in a private conversation with Gerald, Gerald applauded the idea, saying â€Å"Hear, hear!†. Here, Priestley is trying to convey how the upper class’ ideals revolve around money. Gerald’s outburst of joy signifies this, as the audience may infer that he is ecstatic to the idea of further business resulting in further prosperity for himself. An audience in 1945 would be appalled by this, after a world war where the middle and lower classes fought together and learned of the working class’ struggle. However, a contemporary audience may be less affected by this, where they are living in a world of billionaires only looking to further increase their own wealth. Gerald’s reaction i s also significant as it shows his disregard for Sheila, where Priestley is again highlighting the unfair, capitalistic ideologies of the upper class. Later on in the play, Gerald reveals an emotive exterior, when he is found to have known Eva Smith. In his recollection of events, he describes Sheila as having â€Å"Big, Dark eyes†, conveying his admiration of Eva. The fact that Gerald can remember Eva’s feelings so clearly signifies his feelings towards her, and that he actually cared for Eva Smith. Priestley is trying to sow the audience that the upper class are people with feelings, and although they may be privileged and protected, they can still be sympathized with. This may bring that exact sympathy from the audience, where Gerald has taken a huge social risk in front of the Birlings to have been identified with a member of the working class. This confirms again the true nature of Gerald’s feelings for Eva. However, Priestly is still highlighting the underlying problems with the way that Gerald thinks. He describes Eva’s features, signifying his misogynistic beliefs as he portrays Eva’s phys ical attributes as the only ones of value to discuss, suggesting Gerald may value not actually value Eva as a human being, due to the objectification she receives from him. Priestley is again highlighting the upper class’ lack of change and development in their ideas. Toward the end of the play, Priestley uses Gerald to illustrate how the world with such class barriers in place will have a very conservative nature. After discovering that no girl has been taken to the hospital, he says how â€Å"Everything’s alright now.† This one line destroys any hope of development and movement forward of the ideas that are held by the upper class. Gerald is clearly relieved, and so the audience can infer that the only worry he ever held was about the potential tarnishing of his reputation. He did not care for Eva. He did not rejoice in her being alive, only to rejoice in the preservation of his position. His own self-centered intentions will disappoint the audience hugely, with an audience in 1945, being angered by his lack of empathy, reminding them of the upper classes often dodging of any fighting during World War 2. Priestly is driving the audience to campaign for social change, illustrating that the upper class are incapable of making any pos itive change possible, and so the responsibility of the bridging the class gaps lies with the masses. This would motivate an audience from 1945, who had recently been buoyed up by the introduction of the welfare state. Overall, the role of Gerald in An Inspector Calls is very similar to the role of Sheila Birling, since both characters are included in the story motivate the audience and make them leave the theater with increased acceptance of Priestleys socialist ideals. While Sheila is used as an audience’s surrogate to move the audience through the play, Gerald acts as a negative pressure for the audience to retaliate against, ultimately motivating them further than Sheila. He does so potently yet indirectly: he creates an opponent for the audience to target.

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay - 1089 Words

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Jane uses the novel to show the common day romance of the time period. In the novel, Elizabeth Bennet, a sophisticated, lively girl manages to change Mr. Darcy, a cocky, stubborn man into a person who is head over heels in love. Although it takes her some time, Elizabeth is able to change the way Mr. Darcy feels about love in general and causes him to act differently then he has ever done before. Mr. Darcy’s self- discovery in response to Elizabeth Bennet’s blunt honestly allows him to re-evaluate his approach to love. Although Mr. Darcy has trouble getting along with Elizabeth because she is honest about her opinions, he maintains an attraction to her. When the†¦show more content†¦Mr. Darcy manages to screw up the future engagement of Elizabeth’s older sister, Jane to Mr. Darcy’s close friend, Mr. Bingley. Mr. Darcy also ruins his friendship with Mr. Wickham a love interest of Elizabeth. Mr. Darcy did not deny that he had been in charge of ruining these situations, at some points he was even proud of it. Mr. Darcy is known as â€Å"the proudest, most disagreeable ma in the world† (Austen 14). Because of this statement, which is being spoken by many of the people in the town, Elizabeth has a hard time of liking Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth then becomes â€Å"disgusted with his pride. [She cannot] find him more favorably spoken of by anyone (Austen 75). The rumors and gossip going around the town just encourage Elizabeth to continue her basic instinct on the way Mr. Darcy is as a gentleman. Elizabeth has no problem in telling Mr. Darcy her true feelings on him at any moment, but â€Å"Mr. Darcy’s concern for Elizabeth is so great (†¦) that whether or not she loves him, he wants to make her happy and never claim the credit† (Kneedler). At this moment Elizabeth realizes that Mr. Darcy truly does have feelings for her but she i gnores the fact because she is to upset with him from his previous actions to act upon the feeling. Mr. Darcy, at this time, starts to see Elizabeth in a different way in response to his self and realization. When Mr. Darcy is trying to get over the feelings of Elizabeth after sheShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. 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Daylight As A Healing Element - 1304 Words

Chapter Four Daylight as a healing element It has been established that a healing environment has a positive effect on the human being given the information mentioned above. In addition, healing architecture suggests that the incorporation of natural elements during the design process of the building is essential. The investigation on the themes of healing architecture lead to the conclusion that â€Å"the luminous environment plays an important role and an integral part of the hospital’s healing environment (Aripin, 2006).However, it was noticed that â€Å"many studies on the subject of daylight focus on schools, offices and commercial buildings but few on hospitals† (Aripin, 2006).Therefore ,a decision was made in investigating how daylight can be used efficiently in a hospital setting in order to promote an effective healing environment. In recent literature, a number of studies have been conducted in order to showcase how daylight could be beneficial on the human being in both physiological and physical aspects. As a matter fact, Richard J. Wurtman suggested that â€Å"light is the most environmental input, after food and water, in controlling bodily functions† (Hattie Anderman , 2013). In addition, The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) published a report which proposed that light could have a positive impact during the recovery process of the patient. Moreover, Roger S.Ulrich carried out a trial in order to see if indeed natural light has any sort ofShow MoreRelatedDesign Of A Sustainable Design1251 Words   |  6 Pagestoday as sustainable architectural design began in the early 20th century; born and evolved from principles and theories of architects in addition to physical devices all which precursor those in today sustainable architecture. 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In Part 1,  The Sin, weRead MoreStaying True to Self: Examining the Elements which Hinder Assimilation in Sherman Alexie’s Reservation Blues and Tyehimba Jess’ Leadbelly2263 Words   |  10 Pagesan identity maintained despite and separate from those dominate impositions† (77). Therefore, while an individual might seek to become a part of another society, transforming his/her life to fit the mold of another’s, s/he always continues to hold elements of his/her own cultural and historical identity. Gloria Anzaldua, in her postcolonial text, Borderlands/ La Frontera: The New Mestiza, explores the idea that, â€Å"Because the future depends on the breaking down of two paradigms, it depends on the straddling

British Invasion Essay Research Paper British InvasionWhen free essay sample

British Invasion Essay, Research Paper British Invasion When one thinks of stone and axial rotation there is a whole list of adjectives to depict a set. The groups can travel from laid back to an in your face, extremist loud show of shows. There are many differences in stone sets and none is greater than the divergence between Oasis and Dave Matthews Band. From upbringing to influences, the differences are represented in the music and those who live for it. They might be under the same class but there are really few comparings that are so far apart. Oasis is the first representative of a on the job category set. Their hometown of Manchester, England is a tough town of industry. The people are known for they re difficult work and even harder partying. In contrast, Dave Matthews was raised on a South African estate as the boy of an embassador. We will write a custom essay sample on British Invasion Essay Research Paper British InvasionWhen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His hometown was full of proper English households, most being from nobility. The members of Oasis Tell of their early drug yearss, store lifting, and difficult partying. Drugs were a major portion of the sets early old ages and so was difficult, ear blasting stone and axial rotation. Matthews one time criticized this behaviour by Oasis as he proclaimed his ain virginity in the drug universe. In typical Oasis manner, Matthews was dismissed with swear words and the elevation of a certain finger. Possibly the biggest difference between the two sets is t inheritor music and fan base. Oasis is known for literally playing at maximal degree, while Matthews has a mellower and about soothing concert sound degree. He besides has a really limited phase with small illuming as compared to Oasis dazing effects that seem to pulsate with the music. These blinking visible radiations seem to trip the bully crowd found at the typical Oasis show. The theoretical account fan is ready to leap for two hours directly and they are the complete antonyms of the usual Dave Matthews Band fan. While the Oasis fan hops, you notice they casually dress in field bloomerss and striped Jerseies. The Dave Matthews fan is uniformly dressed in Old Navy vesture and preppy khaki bloomerss. They are concerned how near they look like the individual following to them and the Oasis fan wears whatever is most clean when they wake up. In kernel, the Oasis fan attentions about the music and non the scene. A Dave Matthew s concert is more of a college event than a stone concert. Overall, the difference between the two is more than vesture or visible radiations. It is about the music and about the people who flock for it by the multitudes. Each set s sound seems to reflect on the personalities of its devout followings. Whether it s a preppy, beer chugging, frat pledge or a casually dressed miss standing on the corner whistling her favourite Oasis melody, the differences go deeper than two classs at the music shop.

Ovarian Cancer Essays (3988 words) - Gynaecological Cancer, RTT

Ovarian Cancer Of all gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer continues to have the highest mortality and is the most difficult to diagnose. In the United States female population, ovarian cancer ranks fifth in absolute mortality among cancer related deaths (13,000/yr). In most reported cases, ovarian cancer, when first diagnosed is in stages III or IV in about 60 to 70% of patients which further complicates treatment of the disease (Barber, 3). Early detection in ovarian cancer is hampered by the lack of appropriate tumor markers and clinically, most patients fail to develop significant symptoms until they reach advanced stage disease. The characteristics of ovarian cancer have been studied in primary tumors and in established ovarian tumor cell lines which provide a reproducible source of tumor material. Among the major clinical problems of ovarian cancer, malignant progression, rapid emergence of drug resistance, and associated cross-resistance remain unresolved. Ovarian cancer has a high frequency of metastasis yet generally remains localized within the peritoneal cavity. Tumor development has been associated with aberrant, dysfunctional expression and/or mutation of various genes. This can include oncogene overexpression, amplification or mutation, aberrant tumor suppressor expression or mutation. Also, subversion of host antitumor immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer (Sharp, 77). Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma was first described by Peham in 1899 as "hypernephroma of the ovary" because of its resemblance to renal cell carcinoma. By 1939, Schiller noted a histologic similarity to mesonephric tubules and classified these tumors as "mesonephromas." In 1944, Saphir and Lackner described two cases of "hypernephroid carcinoma of the ovary" and proposed "clear cell" adenocarcinoma as an alternative term. Clear cell tumors of the ovary are now generally considered to be of mullerian and in the genital tract of mullerian origin. A number of examples of clear cell adenocarcinoma have been reported to arise from the epithelium of an endometriotic cyst (Yoonessi, 289). Occasionally, a renal cell carcinoma metastasizes to the ovary and may be confused with a primary clear cell adenocarcinoma. Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA) has been recognized as a distinct histologic entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of ovarian tumors since 1973 and is the most lethal ovarian neoplasm with an overall five year survival of only 34% (Kennedy, 342). Clear cell adenocarcinoma, like most ovarian cancers, originates from the ovarian epithelium which is a single layer of cells found on the surface of the ovary. Patients with ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma are typically above the age of 30 with a median of 54 which is similar to that of ovarian epithelial cancer in general. OCCA represents approximately 6% of ovarian cancers and bilateral ovarian involvement occurs in less that 50% of patients even in advanced cases. The association of OCCA and endometriosis is well documented (De La Cuesta, 243). This was confirmed by Kennedy et al who encountered histologic or intraoperative evidence of endometriosis in 45% of their study patients. Transformation from endometriosis to clear cell adenocarcinoma has been previously demonstrated in sporadic cases but was not observed by Kennedy et al. Hypercalcemia occurs in a significant percentage of patients with OCCA. Patients with advanced disease are more typically affected than patients with nonmetastatic disease. Patients with OCCA are also more likely to have Stage I disease than are patients with ovarian epithelial cancer in general (Kennedy, 348). Histologic grade has been useful as an initial prognostic determinant in some studies of epithelial cancers of the ovary. The grading of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma has been problematic and is complicated by the multiplicity of histologic patterns found in the same tumor. Similar problems have been found in attempted grading of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (Disaia, 176). Despite these problems, tumor grading has been attempted but has failed to demonstrate prognostic significance. However, collected data suggest that low mitotic activity and a predominance of clear cells may be favorable histologic features (Piver, 136). Risk factors for OCCA and ovarian cancer in general are much less clear than for other genital tumors with general agreement on two risk factors: nulliparity and family history. There is a higher frequency of carcinoma in unmarried women and in married women with low parity. Gonadal dysgenesis in children is associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer while oral contraceptives are associated with a decreased risk. Genetic and candidate host genes may be altered in susceptible families. Among those currently under investigation is BRCA1 which has been associated with an increased susceptibility to breast cancer. Approximately 30% of ovarian adenocarcinomas express high levels of HER-2/neu oncogene which correlates with a poor prognosis (Altcheck, 375-376).

Free Essays on Teen Drinking

Teen drinking is very prevalent in today’s society. Have you ever been to a party and someone started drinking and soon everyone there was too? Did you ever stop to think what problems go along with teen drinking. It is no joke it is a very serious problem. A lot of teens do not realize that alcohol damages them physically, emotionally, and mentally. When teens use alcohol it causes many physical problems. Alcohol can ruin your health. The more you drink the more damages is done to your body. Many teens do not realize that when you consume alcohol in large quantities and done quickly you body has no chance to assimilate the alcohol, thus resulting in alcohol poisoning, coma or even death. Likewise, prolonged and heavy abuse of alcohol can slowly kill you. It can damage or destroy vital organs, such as your liver, pancreas, brain, and heart. Developing young bodies and minds are particularly vulnerable to such damage, which is sometimes irreparable. Some teens claim that alcohol helps them to function better. Some teens are shy, and feel drinking allows them to meet new people, have fun, and come out of their shells. The problem is though that a teen matures not by running from difficult situations but by facing them. Learning to cope with problems as a youth is just a rehearsal for the trials of adulthood. In the long run shy teens or teens in general who drink find that the temporary effects of alcohol do not help them over come their shyness or to feel better. The same is true of using alcohol as a crutch in dealing with stress. If a youth feels overwhelmed and stressed out he may think that a drink of alcohol will calm him down and take away the stress or problems he or she is facing. When teens drink it slows down their mental process. Even though they may not think it does, alcohol impairs your speech and thoughts. They are unable to think clearly and make quick decisions that may cost them... Free Essays on Teen Drinking Free Essays on Teen Drinking The drinking age is fine, if anything is should get raised. It is hard to ignore the fact that this law is broken everyday. It's the 90's all teens just want to fit in. Kids are drinking at a much younger age. Now, even 10 year olds and 11 year olds are trying to fit in with us older kids. It's amazing and sometimes funny what kids will do just to fit in with the "good" crowd. Well to some of us, that's considered the druggies and drinkers. Our parents call them the "bad" crowd with good reason. I speak from experience. Now I agree with the parents out there who worry about their kids getting into the same kind of troubles as I was in at one point in my life. I'm going to cut the bull*censored* and talk about the facts. Here's what parties today look like for teens. The setting, a beach or a house with no adults around to say what's wrong. The people are a bunch of teens of both sexes. The environment is any kind of drugs and or alcohol. These consists of hard liquor like Vodka and Jack Daniel's. Then there is beer with the lighter stuff like wine, wine coolers, and fuzzy navel. Teens that drive are in big trouble and are at big risk. I'm not blaming the accidents that involve drunk in just teens. Drunk drivers are of all ages. And I'm not trying to say that all teens drink either. But the ones that do and are stupid enough to say they're sober and can drive home safe. Those are the ones that put innocent citizens at risk. The drunk teens that drive are looking at getting their license provoked. They go to jail, their car gets impounded, and of course they get a DUI. At parties where teens get drunk and have kinky sex, they can easily forget stuff like making sure the girl cums. A lot of times that's where teens get pregnant. The girls don't always know their pregnant so they continue drink. This is bad for their baby. When they have unprotected sex there's the risk of diseases. All together I think it's pretty stupid to... Free Essays on Teen Drinking Teen drinking is very prevalent in today’s society. Have you ever been to a party and someone started drinking and soon everyone there was too? Did you ever stop to think what problems go along with teen drinking. It is no joke it is a very serious problem. A lot of teens do not realize that alcohol damages them physically, emotionally, and mentally. When teens use alcohol it causes many physical problems. Alcohol can ruin your health. The more you drink the more damages is done to your body. Many teens do not realize that when you consume alcohol in large quantities and done quickly you body has no chance to assimilate the alcohol, thus resulting in alcohol poisoning, coma or even death. Likewise, prolonged and heavy abuse of alcohol can slowly kill you. It can damage or destroy vital organs, such as your liver, pancreas, brain, and heart. Developing young bodies and minds are particularly vulnerable to such damage, which is sometimes irreparable. Some teens claim that alcohol helps them to function better. Some teens are shy, and feel drinking allows them to meet new people, have fun, and come out of their shells. The problem is though that a teen matures not by running from difficult situations but by facing them. Learning to cope with problems as a youth is just a rehearsal for the trials of adulthood. In the long run shy teens or teens in general who drink find that the temporary effects of alcohol do not help them over come their shyness or to feel better. The same is true of using alcohol as a crutch in dealing with stress. If a youth feels overwhelmed and stressed out he may think that a drink of alcohol will calm him down and take away the stress or problems he or she is facing. When teens drink it slows down their mental process. Even though they may not think it does, alcohol impairs your speech and thoughts. They are unable to think clearly and make quick decisions that may cost them...

Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Autism - Essay Example In many children, autism develops before the age of 3. A relationship between autism and psychology has been established by defining and associating their dynamics. Psychology is a field of study that deals with the human mind. The study of psychology has helped in the understanding and treatment of autism through methods such as psychotherapy, applied behavior analysis, and developmental psychology. Both psychology and autism deal with the brain and are complementary in nature. Psychology is largely used to understand the dynamics of autism, and develop methods to treat it. Psychologists use several types of therapies to treat autism. Autism impairs the communication and interaction skills of children (Cohen, 2002). Consequently, children become psychologically affected for being different from other children. Inability to communicate and interact effectively causes them social anxiety and depression that has far-reaching psychological implications (PubMed Health, 2012). Psychologis ts use various variations of talk therapy to correct strained communication skills. A psychologist is able to help autistic individuals improve their communication skills, overcome anxiety and depression, and learn how to interact effectively with other people (Flusberg, 1999). ... One of the roles of psychologists is to diagnose and recommend treatment methods for autism (Flusberg, 1999). Therefore, autism cannot be effectively diagnosed and treated without the services of psychologists. They aid autistic individual to eradicate depression, anxiety, and preservative behaviors that affect them adversely (Corsello, 2005). Psychologists accomplish these roles because they fully understand the effects and consequences of autism. On the other hand, psychologists also help victims to manage their lives, improve social interactions, and understand various social cues that determine the effectiveness of communication. Autism and psychology are related through the methods used to treat the disorder. These methods include psychotherapy, applied behavior analysis, and developmental psychology. Psychotherapy is a method that involves use of talk as a way of solving a patient’s emotional problems (Corsello, 2005). Psychologists use methods such as role-play and expo sure therapy to assist autistic individuals (PubMed Health, 2012). Applied behavior analysis manages the disorder by teaching autistic individuals new behaviors that replace existing behaviors that could have resulted from the effects of the disorder. Psychologists use rewards to teach patients certain behaviors thus conditioning them in ways that eradicate the disorder (Corsello, 2005). Development psychology deals with aspects of child development. A direct link can be established between this branch of psychology and autism because autism interferes with the normal development of a child’s brain while psychology studies the functioning of the brain. It forms the foundation for autism remedies such as relationship

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry - Essay Example The diversification within the industry ranges from one-person operations to multinational mega-corporations. In just the accommodations area alone, the offerings within the UK range from small mom-and-pop bed and breakfast operations to huge five-star hotels. The bed and breakfast operations are generally carried on by citizens wishing to keep historical homes in good repair, so they offer, patients during the season to supplement their income. These operations are generally quite comfortable and offer a full English breakfast. They are extremely popular for two reasons: the cost is lower and the service is more personal and offers the opportunity to get to know some local people. The price range of bed-and-breakfast within the UK starts at a low of around 7 pounds per night per person to a rather high 75 pounds per night per room. This last is rather palatial, while the first is generally offered in the lower-cost areas, such as Wales. Due to their popularity, some commercial B & B operations have opened in recent years. Other accommodations range from smaller hotels to very large establi shments, which offer a huge range of services. (William Reed Ltd 2007 )The price range here starts at around 35 pounds per night per person to a high of several thousand pounds per night per suite. Quite a few of these still offer the customary English breakfast, but economics are causing many establishments to phase this out. The second-largest sector of the UK hospitality industry is food. While the UK is not exactly famous for its cuisine, the variety of food service is really quite grand. This ranges from street vendors and tiny one-person quick service places to small chippies, take-aways, fast food chains in local restaurants, too small and large pubs, teahouses and cafeterias, and finally to grand restaurants in scenic locations and large five-star hotels. Good solid food, such as that found in most pubs, is

Dominos Pizza Essay Example for Free

Dominos Pizza Essay Before 2007, wheat prices didn’t have a pulse. We’d buy for the next six months and the price would be plus or minus 10 cents a bushel over the last six months. Then one day in 2008 wheat shot up $24 a bushel! Now, as a norm, we strategically consider corn, dairy, and wheat to better leverage our supply chain expertise and improve store economics. — John Macksood, executive vice president, Domino’s Pizza On the morning of August 22, 2011, John Macksood, executive vice president for supply chain services at Domino’s Pizza, Inc. (Domino’s), was reading the daily headlines while sitting in his office at the Domino’s World Resource Center, the company’s global headquarters in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Domino’s was the world’s second-largest pizza company and the largest pizza delivery quick-serve restaurant (QSR) chain. One item in particular jumped out at Macksood. An article, titled â€Å"Quiznos chain faces tough finance issues,† indicated that Denver-based Quiznos, a privately owned QSR sandwich company with 4,000 U. S. stores, was nearing bankruptcy due to â€Å"sharpening competition, waning sales, and debt woes. †1 One of the problems cited was Quiznos’ â€Å"protracted battle† with its franchisees over operating costs and profitability, with some franchisees blaming low or nonexistent store profit margins on Quiznos’ requirement that they buy food at â€Å"allegedly above-market prices from a Quiznos-mandated supplier network. †2 Analysts also blamed Quiznos’ problems on rising commodity prices, which had dramatically increased the cost of raw ingredients. As Macksood finished reading the article, he felt proud to have been part of a team at Domino’s that had proactively responded when the prices of wheat, corn, and dairy soared in 2007 and 2008. Since then, Domino’s senior leadership met on the last Thursday of every month to discuss the commodity market outlook and decide how purchasing decisions and supplier relationships should be managed in an increasingly volatile market. The goal of this strategic effort was to maintain an efficient supply chain, competitive prices, and quality menu items. â€Å"Now in 2011, we have become a well-informed group that is more comfortable with how we manage risk,† Macksood remarked. Domino’s approach to managing risk and costs both within the company-owned domestic supply chain system and at the store level was critical to its approximately 1,150 U. S. franchisees that collectively owned and operated 4,475 domestic stores in 2010. As a company built around a franchise model, Domino’s—which itself only owned 454 stores, all in the U. S. —was at the heart a supply chain and brand management business focused on supporting the franchised stores. â€Å"We call our headquarters the World Resource Center because Domino’s truly operates as a support system and resource for all of our franchisees,† said J. Patrick Doyle, CEO and president of Domino’s. â€Å"There is a reason we drilled through four floors of concrete to construct a pizza store as the centerpiece of a Professor David E. Bell, Research Associate Phillip Andrews, Global Research Group, and Agribusiness Program Director Mary Sh elman prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2011, 2012 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1800-545- 7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. harvard.edu/educators. This publication m ay not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. 512-004 Domino’s Pizza new atrium inside the World Resource Center. Not only do we use it to train all of our corporate employees to operate a Domino’s store, but its visibility serves as a constant reminder that our business hinges on the success of each and every one of our franchised stores. † Maintaining cost control was vitally important for Domino’s and the success of its franchisees’ stores. The U. S. pizza market was highly competitive, with both chains and independent â€Å"mom and pop† pizza stores battling for customers. The recent economic conditions had made the fight even fiercer with some recession-weary diners trading in pizza delivery for less-expensive frozen offerings from the grocer. 3 As such, companies like Domino’s could not simply pass increased costs on to consumers by raising the price of a pizza. â€Å"Domino’s was ahead of the curve when we first reacted to how a changing market would affect our supply chain costs,† Macksood said. â€Å"Chains that didn’t take a preemptive approach are hurting and independent pizza shops that have little influence over the price they pay for goods are really suffering. † In 2010 Domino’s recorded annual global retail sales of $6. 2 billion, the highest in company history and a 23% increase since 2006. 1 Domestically, the company saw room for another 1,000 stores in the U. S. market and the opportunity to increase sales through the addition of new menu items and by targeting different eating occasions. For example, Domino’s had begun to pursue a larger share of the lunch market by introducing sandwiches and pasta dishes to compete with Subway and Pizza Hut. This, however, meant that Domino’s historically simple menu would continue to expand with new ingredients, complexity, and costs that Macksood’s team would have to manage. (See Exhibit 1 for U. S. same-store sales growth and store counts. ) Outside the U. S. , Domino’s had identified many markets where the number of stores could be increased significantly. Internationally, Domino’s used a â€Å"master franchise† system that awarded a franchise for an entire country or region to one entity. This included the master franchisee’s right to operate its own supply-chain system. Macksood and his team had to determine how to bring the company’s domestic purchasing and supply management capabilities, and particularly its commodity pricing knowledge, to the rest of the world. As global commodity prices showed no signs of dropping, Macksood and others at Domino’s wondered if they should attempt to implement global buying for some product categories or develop supply chain partnerships with some or all of the master franchisees in order to control costs and reduce risks across the global brand. Company Background In 1960, brothers Tom and James Monaghan borrowed $500 to purchase the Dominick’s pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. 4 After just a year in the pizza business, James traded his interest in the business to Tom for a Volkswagen Beetle. As the sole owner of the company, Tom renamed the business Domino’s Pizza, Inc. The company awarded its first franchise license in 1967 and the first franchised store was opened in Ypsilanti. Domino’s continued to license an increasing number of franchisees which led to the brand’s growth regionally and then nationally. Domino’s first international franchise license was granted in 1983 for a store in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. By the end of 1983, 1,000 Domino’s stores were in operation. When Macksood joined the company in 1986 as the general manager of the North Carolina regional supply chain center, Domino’s had just opened 954 U. S. units during the previous year, making it the fastest-growing pizza company in the country. Unlike its primary competitor Pizza Hut, Domino’s focused on pizza delivery and customer carryout and did not traditionally offer dine-in seating areas. As such, Tom Monaghan was dedicated to 1 Global retail sales represented sales by company-owned stores and franchised stores. 2 Domino’s Pizza 512-004 ensuring the efficiency of Domino’s delivery service. Despite the brand’s rapid growth, Monaghan kept the menu simple compared to other quick-serve restaurants. From Domino’s founding until 1989, the menu consisted of just one type of hand-tossed pizza dough available in two sizes (12-inch â€Å"small† and 16-inch â€Å"large†), 11 topping choices, and bottled Coca-Cola as the only beverage option. The first menu expansion occurred in 1989 when Domino’s introduced â€Å"deep-dish† pizza after market research showed that 40% of U. S. pizza customers preferred thicker crusts. The company’s first non-pizza item, breadsticks made from Domino’s hand-tossed pizza dough, was added to the menu in 1992. In 1993 industry trends led Domino’s to add medium and extra-large sized pizzas and to introduce thin-crust dough; in 1994, the menu was diversified even further with the introduction of chicken wings. Still, the menu remained simple so as to streamline production and maximize economies of scale on purchases of principal ingredients. While changes to the Domino’s menu were in response to consumer preferences and competitors’ offerings, Domino’s had led the competition in innovations that with time became standard in the industry. Domino’s was the first to utilize the belt-driven pizza oven, which had one temperature setting and a conveyor belt that continuously moved items through the oven, which resulted in consistent and effortless baking. Domino’s invented the â€Å"spoodle,† which was a cross between a spoon and a ladle, in 1985 to help reduce the time it took to â€Å"sauce† a pizza (see Exhibit 2 for photos). Domino’s was also the first major pizza chain to replace wooden and stainless steel pizza cooking trays with pizza screens that allowed for more even baking. To make sure that its pizzas arrived hot, the company was the first of the major pizza chains to use corrugated cardboard pizza boxes in the 1960s rather than thinner (and less expensive) boxes. Domino’s took its commitment to hot pizza a step further in 1998 when it developed the â€Å"Heat Wave† electrical delivery bag to keep pizza hot during transit. Between 1986 and 1993, Domino’s guaranteed that customers would receive their pizzas within 30 minutes of placing an order or they would get $3. 00 off. In 1999, with more than 6,500 stores in operation—including more than 1,700 stores outside the U. S. —Monaghan sold 93% of the company to Bain Capital for almost $1 billion and retired as CEO. 5 Bain installed David Brandon, the former head of Michigan-based marketing firm Valassis Communications, as president and CEO. While Brandon continued to focus on store operations, he also emphasized the importance of building the Domino’s brand. This included better definition and consistent execution of the consumer brand experience across every element—from stores, to trucks, to people—as Domino’s sought to accelerate its global expansion. In 2004, Domino’s was first recognized as the leading pizza delivery company in the U. S. based on reported consumer spending, a title the company held ever since. In July 2004, the company completed an IPO and began trading common stock on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol: DPZ). Over the next five years, Domino’s expanded its international footprint from 2,987 franchised stores in 2005 to 4,422 by 2010. Changes were also made to the company’s marketing strategy beginning in September 2008 when Russell Weiner was hired from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Domino’s executive vice president of Build the Brand and chief marketing officer. Weiner guided Domino’s away from its traditional practice of using price-driven â€Å"limited time† promotional offers, which created temporary sales spikes, and instead focused on developing new permanent product platforms that could be promoted through advertising. New offerings such as â€Å"Domino’s Oven-Baked Sandwiches† and â€Å"BreadBowl Pastas† were permanently added to the menu with the intention of creating sustained sales increases. In 2010, Domino’s delivered approximately 400 million pizzas in the U. S. , accounting for 71% of its U. S. pizza sales (the other 29% came from carryout) and generated record system-wide revenue of $1. 5 billion, of which $1. 4 billion came from domestic operations. (See Exhibit 3a and 3b for company 3 512-004 Domino’s Pizza financial reports. ) Doyle, a 13-year Domino’s veteran who took over from Brandon as CEO in March 2010, was proudest of the increase in same-store sales,2 which were up 9. 9% domestically and 6.9% internationally. â€Å" This is a tremendous feat for any brand, especially one that is 50-years old,† he remarked. In 2010, Forbes ranked Domino’s the number one â€Å"franchise for the money† and Pizza Today, a leading industry publication, named Domino’s the chain of the year, an honor that was repeated in 2011. 6 By July 2011, Domino’s had grown to 9,436 company-owned and franchised stores in all 50 U. S. states and across 65 international markets, making it the second-largest pizza company in the world behind Yum Brands’ Pizza Hut. Domino’s had approximately 10,900 employees, referred to as team members, spread across company-owned stores, supply chain centers, the World Resource Center, and regional offices. The company estimated that another 185,000 individuals were employed by independent Domino’s franchisees worldwide. For the first time in Domino’s history, international retail sales eclipsed U. S. sales in the second quarter of 2011 when overseas markets generated 51% of total company sales. The U. S. Quick-Serve Pizza Industry In 2010 there were 67,554 pizza stores in the U.S. , which represented 12% of all restaurants in the market. 7 Franchised or chain stores made up 60% of the units and generated half of the revenue; the remainder came from independently owned stores, which were often referred to as â€Å"mom and pops. †8 (See Table A for a list of the top U. S. -based chains. ) Independent pizza shops had always been a strong source of competition for consumer dollars even though these (usually) single units did not have the purchasing power or the advertising ability of the large chains. The pizza business in the U. S.generated $34 billion in sales revenues in 2010, accounting for 10% of all food industry sales. 9 Roughly two-thirds of the annual pizza segment revenue came from the pizza delivery business where Domino’s led the competition with 19. 8% of delivery sales. Table A Leading U. S. -based Pizza Chains, 2010 U. S. Sales ($ billions) $5. 0 $3. 3 $2. 1 $1. 1 Share of U. S. Market 14% 8% 6% 3% U. S. Units 7,566 4,929 2,781 2,500 International Units 5,715 4,475 688 200 Percent Franchised 84% 95% 82% 81% Company Pizza Hut Domino’s Pizza Papa John’s Pizza Little Caesars Source: Jonathan Maze, â€Å"2010 Franchise Times Top 200 Franchise Systems,† Franchise Times, October 2011, http://www. franchisetimes. com/content/page. php? page=00138, accessed September 2011; and, Domino’s company documents. Domino’s U. S. Franchise Structure From the time Monaghan signed the first Domino’s franchise agreement in 1967, a central tenet of its strategy was to make it as easy as possible for franchisees and store managers to run their stores. 2 Same-store sales growth was a statistic used by retailers and industry analysts to compare sales at stores that had been open for a year or more. It allowed investors to determine what portion of sales came from sales growth and what portion came from the opening of new stores. Although new stores were a positive factor, a saturation point—where future sales growth was determined by same-store sales growth and not simply the addition of new units—eventually occurred. 4 Domino’s Pizza 512-004 Domino’s had developed a cost-effective business model with low capital requirements, a focused menu of affordable pizza and other complementary items, and an interior specially designed to support delivery and carry-out. â€Å"At the store level, we believe that the simplicity and efficiency of our operations gives us significant advantages over our competitors, who in many cases, like Pizza Hut, also focus on dine-in,† said Stan â€Å"The Pizza Guy† Gage, vice president for training and development. Domino’s domestic stores and the majority of its international locations did not have extensive dine-in areas which cut costs for space, furnishings, and staff. As a result, Domino’s stores were small, averaging approximately 1,200 to 1,500 square feet in size with 15 to 20 employees. The units were relatively inexpensive to build, furnish, and maintain. The amount of capital investment required to open and operate a new Domino’s franchise location averaged $150,000 to $250,000, which was considered low in the QSR segment. The average Domino’s U. S. franchisee owned and operated three to four stores, and many had only one or two. At the end of 2010, only seven franchisees owned 50 or more stores with the largest domestic franchise operating 144 stores. This was different from many QSR franchise models in the U. S., which often awarded franchises on a regional basis with one franchisee owning many or all of the locations in a metropolitan area or state. Rather than controlling a region, a Domino’s franchisee was granted a specified delivery radius. The size of this delivery area was based on the ability to deliver a pizza from the store to the customer’s door in 10 minutes or less. To protect the brand, Domino’s placed rigorous standards on its franchisees such as usually requiring prospects to manage a Domino’s store for at least one year before they were granted a franchise. Generally, Domino’s also restricted franchisees from pursuing active, outside business endeavors so as to align the interests and success of the franchisees with that of the brand. Based on these two factors, the vast majority of Domino’s U. S. franchisees had historically come from within the Domino’s system; many started as a Domino’s delivery driver. Under a Domino’s franchise agreement, the owner was granted the right to exclusively operate in a particular area for a term of 10 years with an option to renew for an additional 10 years. In 2010, the average length of Domino’s relationship with its top 50 franchisees was 19. 5 years. Domino’s franchise contract renewal rate was over 99% and its collection rate on domestic franchise royalties and supply chain receivables was also over 99%. Each franchisee had discretion over the prices charged to its customers with some national sales promotions set at the corporate level. Domestic franchisees paid Domino’s a 5. 5% royalty fee on weekly sales3 and until 2009 made contributions to fund marketing and advertising at the national and local level, which varied by market. In 2009, all domestic franchisees amended their franchise agreements to include a flat marketing contribution of 5. 5%. As such, franchisees were no longer required to contribute to regional or local level advertising campaigns, although they were allowed to if they desired. (See Exhibit 4 for details of initial and ongoing franchisee costs). In 2010, average reported annual EBITDA per domestic franchise store was between $50,000 and $75,000 on average annual sales volume of $650,000 per unit. 3 The royalties generated by Domino’s franchise system, which included its U.S. and international franchisees, generated a steady stream of free cash. Domino’s used this free cash flow to reinvest in the company, such as funding technology enhancements and supply chain improvements, and also to buy back debt, repurchase stock, and pay dividends. 5 512-004 Domino’s Pizza U. S. Supply Chain System The supply chain system was the hub of Domino’s U. S. franchise model. Domestic franchisees were free to source and purchase their own menu ingredients and supplies as long as the items were approved by Domino’s and sourced from approved suppliers. However, the system had earned Domino’s a strong and dedicated following among its domestic franchisees; in 2011, over 99% of them choose to be customers of the Domino’s supply chain. As such, Domino’s provided virtually all of the company’s 4,900 U. S. stores with over 240 individual products including fresh pizza dough, menu ingredients such as cheese and pepperoni, and store supplies ranging from delivery boxes to cleaning products and toilet paper. Macksood explained how the U. S.supply chain created value: Our centralized purchasing, vertically integrated dough manufacturing, and nation-wide distribution system allows us to leverage Domino’s combined volume to achieve economies of scale and lower costs, and to tightly control quality. This system allows store managers to focus on store operations and customer service rather than worrying about making dough, grating cheese, and preparing toppings and sourcing other ingredients. This enhances our relationship with franchisees and ensures that every Domino’s customer gets a great pizza. Supply Chain System. Domino’s supply chain system was comprised of 19 facilities located in 15 states, which allowed for nationwide coverage. Of these facilities, 16 were regional dough manufacturing and supply chain centers (SCC). Domino’s also operated three other supply chain facilities, which included an equipment and supply distribution center 25 miles east of the World Resource Center in Michigan, a fresh produce facility in Georgia that supplied some franchisees with cut vegetables, and a â€Å"pressedproduct† plant in Illinois that manufactured thin-crust dough for distribution to the 16 SCCs. 4 (See Exhibit 5 for map and details of U. S. supply chain system. ) Domestic franchisees were required to purchase and use the company’s Pulse point-of-sale computer system. This system was used for taking customer orders, submitting store orders to their designated SCC, and for connecting with the Domino’s network. The Pulse system included forecasting software that allowed store managers and owners to track inventory and sales to customers. This differed from the forecasting tools utilized by Domino’s at its SCCs, which tallied total product and raw ingredient sales made to franchisees. This information was then used by a group of team members at the World Resource Center who conducted centralized replenishment of all 16 SCCs in the system. Each SCC manufactured fresh dough on a daily basis and served about 300 stores located within a one-day delivery radius. Each Domino’s store received an average of two full-service food deliveries per week, amounting to 515,000 total system-wide deliveries in 2010. Stores placed their orders for dough—which had a seven-day shelf life—and food and other supplies electronically via Pulse, usually by 5:00pm. SCCs actually began manufacturing dough at 5:00am using an internal forecast. Domino’s fleet of 200 leased tractor-trailers were loaded in the early evening and rolled out of the SCCs starting between 9:00pm and 10:00pm. Drivers unloaded food and supplies at the stores, stocked coolers and shelves (rotating items so older products would be used first), and even mopped the floor if they had tracked in mud or snow. Deliveries were typically made in the middle of the night to 4 Domino’s â€Å"pressed-product† facility produced thin-crust dough that was parbaked (e. g. , cooked for roughly 80% of the normal cooking time and then rapidly cooled and frozen) for distribution to the 16 SCCs. 6 Domino’s Pizza 512-004 minimize disruptions to store operations. Domino’s guaranteed delivery within 48 hours of when the order was placed and the company regularly achieved an on-time delivery performance rate of 95%, with the majority of orders delivered within 24 hours. Gage explained that ordering through Domino’s offered one-stop shopping and other benefits: The supply chain eliminates many of the typical back-of-store activities that our competitors’ managers must undertake—such as figuring out which supplier has the best price on cooking oil or what cleaning supplies to order. The single most important person in Domino’s is the store manager and this system allows them to focus on the quality and consistency of menu items and customer service. New franchisees were exposed to the efficiency of the supply chain system long before their first fresh dough order was placed with a SCC. The equipment and supply chain center was the first stop for franchisees worldwide. There, store owners could buy capital items such as ovens, coolers, pizza preparation areas, counters and fixtures, signage, and other large equipment as well as â€Å"re-use† items including delivery bags, uniforms, small wares, and promotional materials. â€Å"The operation was born out of the concept of selling and shipping a pizza store in a box, a model that dates back to the beginning of the company,† explained Jim Murabito, vice president of product management. â€Å"With an inventory of over 2,500 individual SKUs, this facility is a one-stop shop able to supply our franchisees with everything they need to set-up, open, and operate a Domino’s location. † Adding Value Domino’s domestic menu reached its largest and most diverse state in 2010 when the company offered four different pizza crusts, over 25 topping choices, eight oven-baked sandwich options, five pasta dishes, two types of chicken, two styles of breadsticks, and two baked dessert options. (See Exhibit 6a and 6b for Domino’s menu items.) Menu prices across the highly competitive pizza delivery industry were relatively identical; therefore, the major pizza chains had to differentiate themselves based on taste, quality, and customer experience. Domino’s helped franchisees maintain consistent quality while improving store economics using various tools, including the spoodle and the pizza oven that Domino’s had designed. Another important piece of equipment was â€Å"the makeline† station, which served as the assembly line for a pizza. The make-line, which was a metal counter with containers and refrigeration for ingredients and toppings, had been designed—and was continually being updated—to support speedy pizza making. For example, a refrigerated cheese catch tray under the counter—another Domino’s proprietary design—allowed pizza makers to quickly spread shredded cheese on a pizza without worrying about food waste. As a result, Domino’s head pizza trainer could prepare a pizza (e. g. , flatten and shape the fresh dough ball, apply sauce, and top with cheese and pepperoni) in 24 seconds. â€Å"These tools allow stores to consistently produce menu items that meet the Domino’s standard and delivery those items in the fast, efficient manner that is required for success in the pizza delivery segment,† explained Murabito. In fact, the only piece of cooking equipment in a Domino’s store was the belt-driven oven; there were no microwaves or stoves. This meant that all of the items on Domino’s domestic menu—pizzas, chicken, sandwiches, pasta, bread, and desserts—had been designed to cook at approximately 500 degrees Fahrenheit for six minutes. Not only were Domino’s franchisees attracted to the company’s domestic supply chain for its efficiency and consistency; their participation was also encouraged through a profit-sharing arrangement. Generally, Domino’s shared 50% of the pre-tax profits generated by its regional dough manufacturing and SCCs with the domestic franchisees who purchased all of their ingredients and supplies from the company. While franchisees were allowed to opt out of the supply chain with 7 512-004 Domino’s Pizza notice, doing so would eliminate their right to profit sharing. Participating franchisees were allocated a profit share based on the volume of their purchases from SCCs. This profit sharing reached a record level in 2010 and â€Å"continued to strengthen Domino’s ties with its franchise network by enhancing franchisees profitability while maintaining a source of revenue and earnings for Domino’s,† noted Macksood. â€Å"The greatest advantage of this arrangement is that it brings us closer to our franchisees and encourages us to work together to reduce costs and food waste. † Macksood provided an example of how his group responded to franchise feedback: With nine product groups accounting for 90% of sales volume in our supply chain, our biggest challenge is managing an increasing variety of ingredients. When pasta was introduced to the menu, we began supplying a cheese sauce that was packaged in a one-pound bag. Within a few months, franchisees reported that the amount was more than needed to meet their daily sales volume, which forced them to throw away product. We experimented with smaller packaging options and eventually settled on individual portion-sized packs. Smaller packaging is more expensive for us, but it creates less food waste for our franchisees. In addition to allowing Domino’s to work closely with franchisees to manage costs and gain product feedback, the supply chain also helped the company respond to natural disasters that could disrupt store sales. When Hurricane Katrina struck the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Domino’s quickly placed trailers at stores that were destroyed or without electricity, allowing franchisees to feed rescue workers and displaced citizens. According to Macksood, Domino’s stores in the area were the last QSRs to close before the storm and the first to re-open. In the time since the hurricane, Domino’s encouraged franchisees in the area to build new stores that would be â€Å"hurricane ready with generators, an extra-large cooler, and the ability to reopen quickly. In February 2011, an ice storm paralyzed usually snow-free Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, just days before the area played host to the Super Bowl. Super Bowl Sunday was historically the pizza delivery industry’s busiest day of the year. The company was expecting to sell 1. 2 million pizzas nationwide with especially strong demand across the 123 stores serving the Dallas-Fort Worth market. 10 It was customary for SCC managers to monitor meteorological reports in their respective distribution regions. By doing so in this instance, the supply chain system was able to proactively position extra resources and make early deliveries when warned about the pending Texas storm, allowing Domino’s to meet customer demand on the day of the game. The Agricultural Commodity Market and Domino’s Suppliers. Historically, the agricultural commodity market—although cyclical—had been relatively stable and predictable. This continued to be the case even as prices for corn, milk, soybean oil, and wheat rose steadily from 2000 to 2005. However, global commodity prices soared in 2007 and 2008 due to record high oil prices, severe weather events, food security fears, and trade restrictions. The price of wheat, corn, rice, and oilseed crops nearly doubled. Some pricing relief came in late 2008 and in 2009 when the most serious global economic recession since the 1930s dampened demand. However, prices rose again at the beginning of 2010 as demand, driven primarily by developing countries undergoing rises in per capita incomes and population growth, outpaced supply. Reduced global inventories added to the price volatility, which was exacerbated by a high number of severe weather events. In the summer of 2010, droughts followed by fires in Russia, the world’s third-largest grain producer, reduced the country’s wheat production by 25% and led the government to stop exports. The U. S.commodity market followed the same global trends into 2011 due to a combination of factors, including droughts in key grain-producing regions, spring flooding on the Mississippi and 8 Domino’s Pizza 512-004 other U. S. rivers, low stocks, increased use of corn to produce biofuels, and rapidly rising oil prices. In April 2011, corn futures prices,5 which had increased almost 90% over the previous 12 months, reached a record high of $7. 44 per bushel and for the first time in a decade surpassed the price of wheat futures on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT). Only four months earlier, wheat had traded at a 31% premium over corn. The growing use of corn for ethanol in the biofuels industry and a rise in demand for livestock feed kept demand up and prices high. 6 Other factors, such as increased demand for corn feed in China, were also blamed for sustained high prices. 11 Rising corn prices hit protein producers particularly hard. Tyson Foods, Inc. , the largest meat producer in the world, cited higher poultry feed costs for a 21% year-on-year drop in its second quarter 2011 earnings. 12 From July 2010 to July 2011, the price that U. S. meat producers charged for chicken grew 4. 3% and was projected to increase another 5% by the end of 2011. Similarly, pork prices had increased 27% and both pork and chicken had reached record high prices. The trading price for milk, the primary ingredient in cheese, had escalated 56% 13 to a record high of $21. 39 per cwt (100 pounds) in July 2011,14 a price Macksood called â€Å"sticker shock. † Many meat and dairy producers started to include increasing amounts of wheat as a feed substit.

Essay --

First Aid is the initial care for an illness or injury. First Aid is usually performed in emergency situations by a non-professional person. First Aid can be performed on animals although it is generally meant for the care of humans. Going back to the beginning of the practice of First Aid, it was first practiced by the religious knights in the Eleventh Century. Care was provided to the Pilgrims and Knights as well as training on how to care for common battle wounds. Aid came to a halt during the High Middle Ages and organizations were not seen again until 1859. A few years later, a few nations met in Geneva and formed what we know to be the Red Cross. The main purpose of the Red Cross was to give Aid to the sick and wounded soldiers during battle. In 1878, the formation of St. John Ambulance was put into effect. The ambulance was generally for aid to people in emergencies. Large railway centers, mining districts and police forces were the first to pair with ambulances. A lso in 1878 the concept of teaching First Aid to civilians was announced. Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd and Dr. Coleman performed the first First Aid class with a curriculum that they had formed. First Aid training began to grow in the UK with high risk activities. There are three major aims of First Aid. The first major aim is obviously to preserve a person’s life. Throughout medical care institutions, the main aim is to save lives and minimize the threat of death. The second major aim of First Aid is to prevent further harm to patients. The aim is to keep the injury from worsening. An example of this would be applying pressure to a wound to stop bleeding from becoming dangerous. The third and final major aim of First Aid is to promote reco... ...ause it can cause harm to the infant’s lungs. If an infant requires shock, one pad goes on the front and one pad goes on the back. You should keep performing CPR until EMS arrives. If you begin CPR you cannot quit until they arrive, you have already committed to that victim. In some situations with and AED you need to take precautions to make them work properly. If a person is very sweaty or wet, you need to wipe them off because the AED will not work properly. If a person has a hairy chest, you should apply pads and rip the hair off and then apply new pads. Some people have chest piercings now so if you notice these you should remove them or leave them in if you cannot remove them or you do not have enough time. Piercings in the chest can cause a person’s chest to be burned severely since the AED is delivering an electric shock and the jewelry is metal.

Business Studies Motivation Report Essay

1.1- The following report is selected to discover and explain the motivational theory know as Theory Z. Theory Z is a motivation theory which was discovered and created by Dr. William Ouchi and is known as the so-called ‘Japanese Management’ style. Dr. William Ouchi’s theory Z was based on Dr. W. Edwards Deming’s famous â€Å"14 points†. Deming was an American scholar whose management and motivation theories were rejected in the United States, he then went on to help lay the foundation of Japanese organizational development during their expansion in the world economy in the 1980s, from there on this is where Dr William Ouchi created the motivational theory ‘Theory Z’ 1.2Here I have created a timeline of the motivational theories to show how they have evolved. 1943 – Abraham Maslow – A theory of Human Motivation. This is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs where there is a pyramid, at the bottom of the pyramid there is the physiological things required such as breathing, food, water. At the top there is the self-actualization, such as morality, creativity, problem solving. 1960 – Douglas McGregor – Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X and Theory Y consist of two very different types of management. Theory X believes that no one enjoys work and employees are lazy and require force so their work it complete. Theory Y believes that people enjoy work and has a friendlier atmosphere. McGregor also combined his theory with Maslow’s in saying the bottom half of the triangle was Theory X needs and the top half was Theory Y needs. 1980 – Dr. William Ouchi – Theory Z. This theory is fairly recent and has developed from all of the theories. Dr. William Ouchi has combined all the motivational theories and crea ted the theory Z, this theory is what I will be doing my report on. In the 1970s and 1980s, many United States industries lost market share to international competitors, particularly Japanese companies. Concerns about the competitiveness of U. S. companies led some to examine Japanese management practices for clues to the success enjoyed by many of their industries. This led to many articles and books purporting to explain the success of Japanese companies. It was in this atmosphere that Theory Z was introduced into the management lexicon. 1.3Theory Z’s main attributes consist of combined motivational theories. This theory makes assumptions that the workers tend to want to build happy and intimate working relationships. Theory Z also states that theory Z workers need to be supported by the company and they highly value a working environment. These workers have a very well developed sense of order, discipline and an obligation to work hard. Unlike McGregor’s Theory X workers, Theory Z employees can be trusted and to work hard so long as their managers can be trusted to support them according to Ouchi’s Theory Z. I will be focusing on applying this theory to the workforce in the Holiday centre as the organisation’s communication is not of a good standard as well as the company being unorganised. 1.4This Theory fits the organisation I have chosen as the within this workplace there needs to be good working relationships as well as trust, yet there still needs to be discipline and an obligation to work hard. The organisation that I am fitting this theory to is a Holiday Park’s swimming pool located in a rural town. Application 2.1Within the workplace of the Holiday Park’s Swimming pool sector, there are issues between the pool managers and the staff (lifeguards) on poolside. The pool managers have adopted Douglas McGregor’s Theory Y motivation theory. The pool managers have built strong relationships with the staff so therefore making it difficult for the pool managers to come across as strict. William Ouchi’s theory Z motivation theory is suitable for this situation as it combines strong relationships between staff, like a ‘clan culture’ but the theory still retains some elements of bureaucratic hierarchies, such as formal authority relationships, performance evaluation, and some work specialization. Therefore the pool managers would still be able to have their relationship but still keep their authority over the lifeguards. 2.1.1 Pros – This theory would apply well to this organisation because it keeps the respect of the hierarchies within the business as well as keeping the relationships that have been built throughout work 2.1.2 Cons – The cons of this theory is that having this relationship between the pool manager and lifeguards existing at all could cause some problems to their relationship outside of work due to the lifeguards disapproving of being told what to do by their friend or by being jealous of their friend having a higher paid, more responsibilities job. Douglas McGregor’s theory X would be more suitable for the pool managers. 2.2The lifeguards within this company are unmotivated and have low morale, this then results in the lifeguards being upset and strict, stopping people from enjoying themselves. This is a big issue for the company because with unhappy staff comes unhappy customers. The lifeguards require motivation and need to feel more like a ‘clan culture’, they need job satisfaction; this is where Theory Z would be suitable. The theory would suit to this situation because Theory Z encourages and emphasizes individual contribution and responsibility. Theory Z also emphasizes communication, collaboration, and consensus in decision making. If the lifeguards had theory Z applied to them, they would feel more inclined to work. 2.2.1 Pros – The pros of this is that with the lifeguards having their own responsibility and contributions, they will feel more satisfaction and recognised by the company, it will give the employees self-confidence therefore resulting in a stronger workforce. 2.2.2 Cons – The cons of this theory applying to this situation is that the staff could get too much on their hands and take on to responsibilities and result in making a decision before consulting anyone else, the individual contribution and responsibilities could be taken advantage of. Conclusion The theory fits the situations well due to the theory applying relationships to the workforce yet still retaining the job authority so the respect is not lost from a lower staff member to a member of a higher job. The theory also applies individual contribution and creates a self of value towards the company by the staff as they feel their opinion is wanted, as well as their confidence within the workforce and company increases.

Catholicism and Capital Punishment - 560 Words

Catholicism Capital Punishment Throughout time, punishment by death is a reoccurring instance in the United States and in other countries. There are wide ranging views on if this form of punishment is fair, cruel or against a particular religion. Avery Cardinal Dulles discusses death as a punishment in our society throughout the world’s existence and the catholic view on how it is a violation of the human rights. Dulles will put into perspective the views of capital punishment in the catholic religion. Throughout time the death penalty has been a common practice but that does not mean that it is thought to be a way to deal with a person’s wrong doings or mistakes. In the Old Testament it states that the Mosaic Law called for no less than thirty-six capital offenses for execution. â€Å"Stoning, burning, decapitation, and strangulation were ways of punishment for a multitude of offences including violation of the Sabbath, murder, adultery, blasphemy and incest to name a few(2).† It was seen fit because of God’s Covent with Noah and the principle, â€Å"Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in His own image† (Genesis 9:6)(2) thus allowing people to think that punishment by death is what would be deserving by committing one of the thirty-six capital offences. As stated in the New Testament putting criminals to death was being taken for granted. 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